GNI Comparison of Indonesia, China and South Korea
In the era of growing globalisation, a country’s economic growth has become one of the main indicators to assess the progress and welfare of society.
One way to measure economic progress is through Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, which describes the total value of a country’s national income divided by its population.
Through this GNI per capita figure, we can understand the differences in welfare levels between countries in the world as well as the economic transformation that occurs over time.
Indonesia, as the fourth most populous country in the world, has seen a significant increase in GNI per capita over the past few decades. In 1990, Indonesia’s GNI per capita was only US$ 550. In 2000, Indonesia’s GNI per capita increased slightly to US$570.
A significant increase occurred in 2010 with a figure reaching 2510 US$. In 2022, Indonesia was recorded to have a GNI per capita of 4580 US$.
As one of the global economic powers, China showed a very rapid transformation in terms of GNI per capita. In 1990, China’s GNI per capita was only US$400, placing the country in the low-income category.
In the next two decades, China experienced a remarkable economic boom. In 2000, China’s GNI per capita increased to US$ 940, and in 2010 it reached US$ 4340.
In 2022, China’s GNI per capita jumped sharply to 12850 US$. This transformation reflects how economic policies focused on industrialisation and global trade have propelled China to become one of the largest economies in the world.
South Korea is an example of a country that successfully passed the middle-income stage and transitioned into a developed economy in a relatively short period of time.
In 1990, South Korea’s GNI per capita was 6450 US$, but in just five years this figure increased sharply to 13320 US$. In 2000, South Korea’s GNI per capita was recorded at 11030 US$, and in 2022, the country reached 36190 US$.
South Korea’s success in developing technology and industry, as well as education policies that encourage innovation, make it a model of a successful developing country.
A comparison between these countries shows that GNI per capita growth is heavily influenced by a variety of factors, including economic policies, political stability, and global conditions that can affect trade and industry.
Source: Bappenas
